Since the divine proportion seems to evoke an aesthetically pleasing effect, it might have been hard-wired into our consciousness as a guide towards aesthetic judgment as proposed by Jefferson in whose paper a universal standard for facial beauty measurement regardless of race, age, sex and other variables is shown. Even more intriguing is that Phi manifests throughout the human form such as the body, the face, the fingers and the teeth. Interestingly, golden ratio is also prevalent in nature, where it can be seen in the skeletons of animals and humans, in the arrangement of branches along the stems of plants, in the spirals of sea shells and in the wing dimensions and location of eye-like spots on moths. In essence, the golden ratio has captured the fascination of intellectuals from diverse fields and disciplines. First described by the Greek Mathematician Euclid as the extreme and mean ratio, whose definition reads вЂA straight line is said to have been cut in extreme and mean ratio when, as the whole line is to the greater segment, so is the greater to the lesserвЂ™ it is later discovered to have a numerical value of precisely 1 to 1.61803399 by Filius Bonacci and it is not until the 20th century when the term вЂњPhiвЂќ and its symbol О¦ were coined by Mark Barr in commemoration of the Greek sculptor Phidias. For centuries, the Golden Ratio or Golden Proportion has been considered as the perfect or ideal ratio for beauty. Nonetheless, is esthetic judgment entirely subjective and purely a matter of arbitrary personal preference or could there be some scientific backings that guide and govern our perception towards beauty?ДЄncient Greeks have ventured to question the meaning of beauty and believed that the world is beautiful because there is a certain order, harmony, measure and proportion between its elements.

It is commonly said that вЂbeauty lies in the eyes of the beholderвЂ™. In conclusion: 1) Only 17.1% of Malaysian facial proportion conformed to the golden ratio, with majority of the population having short face (54.5%) 2) Facial index did not depend significantly on races 3) Significant sexual dimorphism was shown among Malaysian Chinese 4) All three races are generally satisfied with their own facial appearance 5) No significant association was found between golden ratio and facial evaluation score among Malaysian population. The facial evaluation questionnaire showed that MC had the lowest satisfaction with mean score of 2.18 В± 0.97 for overall impression and 2.15 В± 1.04 for facial parts, compared to MM and MI, with mean score of 1.80 В± 0.97 and 1.64 В± 0.74 respectively for overall impression 1.75 В± 0.95 and 1.70 В± 0.83 respectively for facial parts. Only MC showed significant sexual dimorphism in facial index (P = 0.047 P<0.05) but no significant difference was found between races.

The mean facial indices of Malaysian Indian (MI), Malaysian Chinese (MC) and Malaysian Malay (MM) were 1.59 В± 0.19, 1.57 В± 0.25 and 1.54 В± 0.23 respectively. A validated structured questionnaire was used to assess subjectsвЂ™ evaluation of their own facial appearance. Facial indices obtained from direct facial measurements were used for the classification of facial shape into short, ideal and long. This was a cross-sectional study with 286 randomly selected from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Health Campus students (150 females and 136 males 100 Malaysian Chinese, 100 Malaysian Malay and 86 Malaysian Indian), with the mean age of 21.54 В± 1.56 (Age range, 18вЂ“25). This study aimed to investigate the association of facial proportion and its relation to the golden ratio with the evaluation of facial appearance among Malaysian population.

Perfect face ratio female